Method, device, and system for multiplexing of video streams

ABSTRACT

A method of reproducing at least two digital video sequences. The method includes multiplexing a first digital video sequence with a second digital video sequence, pictures of the second digital video sequence are included in advance in a video stream and are associated with timing information such that a receiver will not decode and reproduce the pictures of the second digital video sequence. The method includes composing the at least two digital video sequences into the video stream in correspondence with a result of the multiplexing and subsequently including a sequence of dummy timing pictures into the video stream. The dummy timing pictures are inter-predicted and are coded by omitting any prediction error data.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/076,616, filed on Nov. 11, 2013. U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/076,616 is a continuation of and claimspriority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/500,802, filed on Aug.8, 2006 and which is now U.S. Pat. No. 8,582,663. U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/076,616 and U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/500,802 are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Various embodiments relate to multiplexing of video streams in a singlesession. Particularly, various embodiments relate to multiplexing ofmultiple video streams of a single session in a single Real-timeTransport Protocol (RTP) stream, especially applicable with MPEG 4 Part10 (H.264/AVC) technology. More particularly, the multiplexing allowsfor statistical multiplexing.

BACKGROUND

Digital video transmissions over data communications and broadcastingnetworks demand high bit rates. The bit rate needed to transmit anindividual video sequence with good quality depends on the image contentand varies in time. As an example, sport programs typically need moredata rate than cartoon when both are compressed with similar subjectivequality. Scenes with high motion and full of detail require usually thehighest data rates. Conventional encoding systems assign fixed datarates to each program, therefore content providers have to compromisebetween transmission capacity and image quality or waste data capacity.Especially in wireless transmission and broadcasting systems bit raterequirements are considered the major constraints of those systems andan economical dealing with resources is required. DVB-H (Digital VideoBroadcast-Handheld) broadcasting systems can share the same radiofrequency and lower layer protocol stack with DVB-T (Digital VideoBroadcast-Terrestrial) broadcasting systems. Both DVB-H and DVB-T useMPEG-2 Transport Stream as the underlying transport and multiplexingprotocol. Different DVB-H programs require different data rates at eachmoment in time. The more DVB-H programs share the same MPEG-2 TransportStream (also known as the Multiplex), the less probable is that allprograms need a very high data rate at the same time. This fact isexploited by the multi-program encoder system developed by theFraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institute (HHI). The multi-program encodersystem dynamically distributes the available data rate of the MPEG-2Transport Stream among the different programs in an optimum way. This“Statistical Multiplex” reduces the mean data rate for each programtypically by about 40%.

Although, the Statistical Multiplex approach of the FraunhoferHeinrich-Hertz-Institute (HHI) has been testified to be useful in thecontext of IP datacasting over DVB-H, the Statistical Multiplex asproposed by the Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz-Institute (HHI) is howeversubjected to major disadvantages. The interoperability of themulti-program encoder system required to obtain the dynamic distributionof the available overall data rate of the MPEG-2 Transport Stream amongthe different DVB-H programs requires a complex architecture and controlimplementation.

SUMMARY

Various embodiments overcome the aforementioned disadvantages by animproved technique enabling statistical multiplexing in a flexible way.

According to various embodiments, a method of statistical interleavingof digital video sequences is provided. At least two digital videosequences are provided, each of which comprising a plurality of codedpictures. The two digital video sequences form one video stream and thetwo digital video sequences are destined for being reproducedsuccessively in time. In particular, the video stream may be providedfor transmission to a receiver entity comprising a video decoderallowing reproduction of the video stream and the picture sequencesthereof, respectively. More particularly, the reproduction of the firstdigital video sequence and the second digital video sequence may beseamless in time. A first digital video sequence is statisticallymultiplexed with a second digital video sequence. Preferably, thestatistical multiplexing is performed in dependence on a bit raterequired for transmission of the first digital video sequence. Each ofthe pictures of the second digital video sequence is associated withtiming information, which is indicative of the successive reproductionof the digital video sequences. The video stream is composed of the atleast two digital video sequences in an interleaved manner in accordancewith a result of the statistical multiplexing. Subsequently, a sequenceof dummy pictures is included into the video stream. In particular, thesequence of dummy pictures may be included following the first digitalvideo sequence. The dummy pictures are coded to refer to one or morepictures of the second video sequence, which are coded in advance in thevideo stream.

On side of a receiver, which is arranged to receive the statisticallyinterleaved video stream, the video stream may be received via atransmission medium for reproduction. The video stream comprises theaforementioned at least two digital video sequences each comprising aplurality of coded pictures. The at least two digital video sequencesform the one video stream and are destined for being successivelyreproduced in time. The video stream comprising the digital videosequences in an interleaved manner according to the statisticalmultiplexing is decomposed resulting in the first digital video sequenceand the second digital video sequence. The pictures of the first digitalvideo sequence are supplied to a decoder for reproduction for instanceon a display. The pictures of the second digital video sequence arebuffered for instance in an interleaving buffer. The buffering isperformed in accordance with the ordering information indicative to thesuccessive reproduction of the first and the second digital videosequences. The buffered pictures of the second video sequence arereproduced by the decoder, when the video stream comprises the sequenceof dummy pictures, which are coded to refer to one or more pictures ofthe second video sequence included in advance in said video stream. Inparticular, the buffered pictures are reproduced once the first digitalvideo sequence included in the video stream ends and the dummy picturesequence is included in the video stream subsequent to the first digitalvideo sequence. More particularly, the dummy pictures are coded toinstruct the decoder to refer to one or more pictures of the secondsequence for reproducing displayable pictures on a display. This meansthat the dummy pictures do not include any picture information, but adummy picture as suggested by various embodiments includes instructionsprocessable by the decoder, which instructions directs the decoder toapply the picture information comprised by the pictures of the secondsequence included in the video stream in advance (in time) for decodingand reproducing.

According to an embodiment, the pictures of the first video sequence andthe dummy picture sequence are intended for real-time reproduction andin particular real-time transmission and reproduction; i.e. for instanceto be understood in the sense of real-time streaming applications.

According to an embodiment, the pictures of the second digital sequenceare destined for later reproduction in relationship to their codingposition in the video stream. In particular the pictures of the seconddigital sequence are included in advance in the video stream.

According to an embodiment, one or more pictures of the digital videosequences may comprise one or more slices, which can be rearranged topictures.

According to an embodiment, the statistical multiplexing may beperformed in dependence of an available bit rate provided by a transportmedium indented for transmission purpose of the video stream and/or independence on a target bit rate required for transmission of the firstdigital video sequence. According to an embodiment, the statisticalmultiplexing may be performed in dependence of a bit rate threshold.

According to an embodiment, each picture of the second digital videosequences included in advance in the video stream may be associated withtimestamp information, which refers to earlier time information than thetime information of pictures of the first video sequence included in thevideo stream next to the pictures of the second digital video sequences.

According to an embodiment, the dummy pictures may comprise copyinformation referring to one or more pictures of the second videosequence. According to an embodiment, the dummy pictures may beinter-predicted from the one or more pictures of the second videosequence included in advance in the video stream. According to anembodiment, the dummy pictures may be coded by omitting any predictionerror data.

According to another embodiment, a computer program product is provided,which enables network-based remote control over a secure storagesubsystem. The computer program product comprises program code sectionsfor carrying out the steps of the method according to an aforementionedembodiment, when the program is run on a computer, a terminal, a networkdevice, a mobile terminal, a mobile communication enabled terminal or anapplication specific integrated circuit. Alternatively, an applicationspecific integrated circuit (ASIC) may implement one or moreinstructions that are adapted to realize the aforementioned steps of themethod of an aforementioned embodiment, i.e. equivalent with theaforementioned computer program product.

According to an embodiment, a module for statistical interleaving of atleast two digital video sequences is provided. Each digital videosequence comprises a plurality of coded pictures. The two digital videosequences form one video stream and are destined for being reproducedsuccessively in time. A statistical multiplexer is provided, which isconfigured to statistically multiplex a first digital video sequencewith a second digital video sequence. Each of the pictures of the seconddigital video sequence is associated with timing information, which isindicative of the successive reproduction of the digital videosequences. A network layer encoder is further provided, which isarranged for composing the at least two digital video sequences into thevideo stream in an interleaved manner in accordance with a result of thestatistical multiplexing. The network layer encoder is further arrangedfor including a sequence of dummy pictures into the video stream. Inparticular, the sequence of dummy pictures may be included following thefirst digital video sequence. The dummy pictures are coded to refer toone or more pictures of the second video sequence are coded in advancein the video stream.

According to an embodiment, a device for statistical interleaving ofdigital video sequences is provided. At least two digital videosequences are provided, each of which comprises a plurality of codedpictures, which digital video sequences may be intended or prepared forbeing reproduced. The two digital video sequences form one video streamand are destined for being reproduced successively in time. Astatistical multiplexer is further provided, which is configured tostatistically multiplex a first digital video sequence with a seconddigital video sequence. Each of the pictures of the second digital videosequence is associated with timing information, which is indicative ofthe successive reproduction of the digital video sequences. A networklayer encoder is adapted to compose the at least two digital videosequences into the video stream in an interleaved manner the videostream in accordance with a result of the statistical multiplexing. Thenetwork layer encoder is further configured to include a sequence ofdummy pictures into the video stream. The dummy pictures are coded torefer to one or more pictures of the second video sequence coded inadvance in the video stream.

According to an embodiment, a system for statistical interleaving ofdigital video sequences is provided. At least a video source may beprovided, which supplies at least two digital video sequences. Each ofthe at least two digital video sequences comprises a plurality of codedpictures. The two digital video sequences form one video stream and aredestined for being successively reproduced in time. A statisticalmultiplexer is further provided, which is configured to statisticallymultiplex a first digital video sequence with a second digital videosequence. Each of the pictures of the second digital video sequence isassociated with timing information, which is indicative of thesuccessive reproduction of the digital video sequences. A network layerencoder is further arranged is to compose the at least two digital videosequences into the video stream in an interleaved manner in accordancewith a result of the statistical multiplexing. The network layer encoderis configured to subsequently include a sequence of dummy pictures intothe video stream. The dummy pictures are coded to refer to one or morepictures of the second video sequence coded in advance in the videostream.

According to an embodiment, a video stream is provided, which is formedof at least two digital video sequences each comprising a plurality ofcoded pictures intended for being reproduced. The two digital videosequences form the one video stream and are destined for beingsuccessively reproduced in time. The first digital video sequence isstatistical multiplexed with the second digital video sequence, whereineach of the pictures of the second digital video sequence is associatedwith ordering information, which is indicative of the successivereproduction of the digital video sequences. The video stream iscomposed of the at least two digital video sequences in an interleavedmanner in accordance with a result of the statistical multiplexing andthe video stream includes subsequently a sequence of dummy pictures,which are coded to refer to one or more pictures of the second videosequence coded in advance in the video stream.

Features and advantages according to various embodiments will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken together withthe drawings. It should be noted that same and like componentsthroughout the drawings are indicated with the same reference number.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Exemplary embodiments will now be explained with reference to theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1a shows a block diagram illustration schematically a systemenvironment according to an embodiment;

FIG. 1b shows a block diagram illustration schematically a processingdevice according to an embodiment;

FIG. 1c shows a block diagram illustration schematically a processingdevice according to another embodiment;

FIG. 2a shows a block diagram illustration schematically a DVB-H systemenvironment according to an embodiment;

FIG. 2b shows a block diagram illustration schematically a video encoderaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 2c shows a block diagram illustration schematically a video decoderaccording to an embodiment;

FIG. 2d shows a schematic diagram of conceptual implementation layers inaccordance with H.264/AVC;

FIG. 2e shows a schematic diagram of a Access Unit according toH.264/AVC;

FIG. 3a shows a schematic time diagram illustrating different digitalvideo sequences and reproduction order thereof; and

FIG. 3b shows a schematic component layer diagram according to anexemplary embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS

Features and advantages according to various embodiments will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken together withthe drawings. It should be noted that same and like componentsthroughout the drawings are indicated with the same reference number.

FIG. 1a shows an illustrative system environment for implementingvarious embodiments. In general, the system comprises a networktransmitting entity 100 and a network receiving entity 200interconnected through any data communications network 800 or databroadcast network 800. In transmitting entity 100, an encoder 300 isarranged which is supplied with a video signal originating from anyvideo source 700 for instance originating form a video camera 710 andone or more microphones 720. The encoder 300 is configured to receivethe input video signal, preferably a time-dependent video signalcomprising at least a sequence of individual pictures succeeding intime, and generates a bit stream representing an encoded/compressedrepresentation of the supplied video signal. Typically, video encodingtechnologies are based on lossy video compression algorithms. In thefollowing, an exemplary video compression algorithm, namely theH.264/AVC (Advanced Video Coding) algorithm will be described for thesake of completeness. For transmission over packet-based networksincluding packet-switched data communication networks, packet-basedbroadcast networks, and streaming broadcast networks including inparticular IP-based (Internet Protocol) networks such as the Internet,cellular networks, DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld), DVB-T(Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial), DVB-S (Digital VideoBroadcast-Satellite), DVB-S2 (Digital Video Broadcast-Satellite,specification March 2005), DVB-C (Digital Video Broadcast-Cable)broadcasting networks, an interworking component, i.e. a payloadgenerator 315 (cf. also FIG. 3b described below), which is herein a partof a general network layer encoder 310 for the sake of illustration, isinterposed between the encoder 300 and a network interface (I/F) 160.The payload generator 315 is adapted to organized the bit streamrepresenting the compressed representation of the originally suppliedvideo signal into packets for transmission by the network interface(I/F) 160 through the network 800 to the network receiving entity 200destined for reception.

On receiver side, a corresponding network interface (I/F) 290 iscomprised and adapted to receive the packetized bit stream transmittedby the transmitting entity 100 through the network 800. The networkinterface (I/F) 290 receiving the packetized bit stream from thetransmitting entity 100 supplied the packetized bit stream to aninterworking layer component, i.e. a payload extractor 415 (cf. alsoFIG. 3b described below), which is herein a part of a network layerdecoder 410 for the sake of illustration, which is configured toreconstruct the bit stream from the packetized bit stream. Thereconstructed bit stream substantially corresponds to the bit streamoriginally generated by the encoder 300. Further, the reconstructed bitstream is in the form to be supplied to a decoder 400, whichdecompresses the bit stream representing the compressed representationof the video signal supplied to the encoder 300 into a video signalwhich substantially corresponds to the original supplied video signal ontransmitter side. The video signal originating from the decoder 400 isthen in the form to be supplied to a display 250 and one or morespeakers 240 for reproduction.

The above illustrated system environment is briefly described for thesake of introduction. The payload generator 315 and payload extractor415 as well as the decoder 400 will be described below in more detail.The system environment described with reference to FIG. 1a is for thesake of illustration.

With reference to FIGS. 1b and 1c , structural components of exemplarynetwork transmitting and receiving entities 100, 200 according tovarious embodiments are schematically illustrated.

The block diagram of FIG. 1b illustrates principle structural componentsof a processing system 100, which should exemplarily represent any kindof processing system or processing device employable with variousembodiments. The processing system 100 may represent any general purposecomputer system. It should be understood that the claims are not limitedto the illustrated processing system 100 or to any other specific kindof processing system or device.

The illustrated processing system 100 in a generalized embodiment isbased on a processing unit (CPU) 110 being connected to a memory 120.The memory 120, which comprises typically any random access memory (RAM)and/or read-only memory (ROM), is provided for storing data and/or oneor more applications, which are operable with the processing system 100.The one or more applications include especially any user applicationsoftware for being carried out on the processing system as well as oneor more operating systems and device driver software required foroperating the processing system and its further hardware components(merely partly illustrated).

Typically, the processing system 100 comprises one or more mass storages130 and/or mass storage subsystems 130 being adapted for (random access,write once, and/or read only) storing of data in accordance with anymass storage technology including in particular hard disk drives, tapedrives, floppy disk, optical media driver (such as compact disc drivesand/or digital versatile disk drives), and any other currently availableor future media drives. In addition, the one or more mass storages 130and/or mass storage subsystems 130 may comprise network storagesubsystems such as Network-Attached Storage (NAS), Storage Area Network(SAN), and fixed memory storages e.g. on the basis of non-volatilestorage technology. The processing system 100 further comprisesprinciple input/output (I/O) means 150 including in particular, akeyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a display, and/or audio input/output (I/O)means.

The processing system 100 may furthermore comprise one or moreinput/output (I/O) interfaces 140 including in particular anyproprietary serial and/or parallel interface, a universal serial bus(USB) interface, a Firewire interface (according to any IEEE1394/1394a/1394b etc. standard), any data bus interface including ATAPI(Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface) conform bus, a MMC(MultiMediaCard) interface, a SD (SecureData) card interface, Flash cardinterface, and the like.

One or more network interfaces 160 may be comprised by the processingsystem 100, which enables for data communication via any data network,preferably any packet-based data communications network 800 or databroadcast network 800. The one or more network interfaces 290 should notbe understood as being limited to any specific network interfacetechnology. In particular, the network interface 160 may be implementedon the basis of wireless and/or wired interface technology. In view ofwireless technology, the terminal device 100 may include one or morewireless interfaces operating in accordance with any IEEE 802.xxstandard, Wi-Fi standard, WiMAX standard, any Bluetooth standard (1.0,1.1, 1.2, 2.0+EDR, LE), ZigBee (for wireless personal area networks(WPANs)), Infra-Red Data Access (IRDA), Wireless USB (Universal SerialBus), and/or any other currently available standards and/or any futurewireless data communication standards such as UWB (Ultra-Wideband). Inview of the wire-based technology, the terminal device 100 may includeone or more wired interfaces operable with (Ethernet) WANs (Wide AreaNetworks), LANs (Local Area Networks), PSTNs (Public Switched TelephoneNetworks), DSLs (Digital Subscriber Lines) such as ADSLs (AsymmetricDigital Subscriber Lines) or SDSLs (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines),and/or other available as well as future standards.

Further, the processing system 100 comprises a video encoder 300, whichis coupled to a general video source 700 for receiving a video inputsignal. The video source 700 may include but not limited a video camera,a camcorder, a video recorder, any video signal receiver capable forreceiving radio frequency television broadcast signals such as digitalTV broadcast signals (including e.g. DVB-T/S/S2/C (digital videobroadcasting-terrestrial/satellite/cable) signals and/or analog TVbroadcast signals (including e.g. PAL (Phase Alternation Line) coded TVRF signals, NTSC (National Television System Committee) coded TV RFsignals, and/or SECAM (Système Electronique Couleur Avec Mémoire) codedTV RF signals), any imaging device including a digital camera, scannerand the like, and a storage system storing any analog and/or digitalvideo signals for retrieval.

The video input source 700 provides video input signals to the videoencoder 300 comprised by the processing system 100 for producing encoded(digital) video bit streams. The video encoder 200 may be operable withany video codec, which is today available or will be available infuture. Those skilled in the art will appreciate on the basis of thefollowing description that the claims are not limited to any specificcodec. The encoding performed by the video encoder 300 may comprise atranscoding operation, where a video bit stream formed in accordancewith a video codec is converted into another video bit stream formed inaccordance with another video codec.

Codec is a portmanteau of “Compressor-Decompressor” or “Coder-Decoder,”which describes a component on the basis of hardware and/or softwareimplementation capable of performing transformations on a data stream orsignal. In general, codec designates an algorithm or mechanism whichallows putting a stream or signal into an encoded form (typically fortransmission, storage, or encryption) and/or retrieving or decoding thatform for viewing or manipulation in a format more appropriate for theseoperations. Codecs are often used in streaming media solutions.

In view of video multimedia applications, a video codec allowsconverting video signals (i.e. analog and/or digital video signals) e.g.from a video camera into digitally encoded signals such as bit streamsfor transmission over communication circuits and/or media includingradio frequency communications such as different kind of networks.Moreover, the video codec allows converting digitally encoded signalsback to video signals adequate for visual reproduction such asdisplaying.

Most codecs are lossy, in order to get a reasonably small size of thedigitally encoded signals. However, there are lossless codecs as well,but for most purposes the almost imperceptible increase in quality isnot worth the considerable increase in data size. Typical video codecapplied today for video encoding/decoding are mentioned below for thesake of illustration.

H.261 Standard: Used primarily in older video conferencing and videotelephony implementations. H.261, developed by the ITU-T, was the firstpractical digital video compression standard. Essentially all subsequentstandard video codec designs are based on it.

MPEG-1 Part 2 Standard: Used typically for VCDs (Video Compact Disks),and also sometimes for online video transmission over the Internet.

MPEG-2 Part 2 (a common-text standard with H.262) Standard: Used on DVD(Digital Versatility Disc) and in another form for SVCD (Super VideoCompact Disk) and used in most digital video broadcasting and cabledistribution systems. MPEG-2 is now considered an aging codec, but hastremendous market acceptance and a very large installed base.

H.263 Standard: Used primarily for video conferencing, video telephony,and internet video. H.263 represented a significant step forward instandardized compression capability for progressive scan video.

MPEG-4 Part 2 Standard: An MPEG standard which is applicable for beingused for transmission over the Internet, via broadcast technologies, andon storage media. It offers improved quality relative to MPEG-2 and thefirst version of H.263. Its major technical features beyond prior codecstandards consisted of object-oriented coding features and a variety ofother such features not necessarily intended for improvement of ordinaryvideo coding compression capability. It also included some enhancementsof compression capability, both by embracing capabilities developed inH.263 and by adding new capabilities such as quarter-pel motioncompensation.

MPEG-4 Part 10 (a technically aligned standard with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC(Advanced Video Coding) and often also referred to as AVC) Standard:This new standard is the current state of the art of ITU-T(International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication StandardizationSector) and MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group of the InternationalStandards Organization (ISO) and the International ElectrotechnicalCommission (IEC) standardized compression technology, and is rapidlygaining adoption into a wide variety of applications.

The block diagram of FIG. 1c illustrates principle structural componentsof a portable processing system 200, which should exemplarily representany kind of processing system or device employable with one or moreembodiments. It should be understood that the claims are neither limitedto the illustrated portable processing system 200 nor to any otherspecific kind of processing system or device.

The illustrated processing system 200 is exemplarily carried out as aportable user terminal enabled for radio frequency (RF) datacommunications. In particular, the processing system 200 is embodied asa processor-based or micro-controller based system comprising a centralprocessing unit (CPU) and a mobile processing unit (MPU) 210,respectively, a data and application storage 220, cellular communicationmeans including cellular radio frequency interface (I/F) 260 with radiofrequency antenna (outlined) and subscriber identification module (SIM)265, user interface input/output means including typically audioinput/output (I/O) means 240 (typically microphone and loudspeaker),keys, keypad and/or keyboard with key input controller (Ctrl) 230 and adisplay with display controller (Ctrl) 250, a (local) wireless datainterface (I/F) 270, and a general data interface (I/F) 275. Further,the processing system 200 comprises video decoder module 400 enabled fordecoding compressed digital video sequences in accordance with one ormore video codecs.

The operation of the processing system 200 is controlled by the centralprocessing unit (CPU)/mobile processing unit (MPU) 210 typically on thebasis of an operating system or basic controlling application, whichcontrols the functions, features and functionality of the processingsystem 200 by offering their usage to the user thereof. The display anddisplay controller (Ctrl) 250 are typically controlled by the processingunit (CPU/MPU) 210 and provides information for the user includingespecially a (graphical) user interface (UI) allowing the user to makeuse of the functions, features and functionality of the processingsystem 200. The keypad and keypad controller (Ctrl) 230 are provided toenable the user inputting information. The information input via thekeypad is conventionally supplied by the keypad controller (Ctrl) to theprocessing unit (CPU/MPU) 210, which may be instructed and/or controlledin accordance with the input information. The audio input/output (I/O)means 240 includes at least a speaker for reproducing an audio signaland a microphone for recording an audio signal. The processing unit(CPU/MPU) 210 can control conversion of audio data to audio outputsignals and the conversion of audio input signals into audio data, wherefor instance the audio data have a suitable format for transmission andstoring. The audio signal conversion of digital audio to audio signalsand vice versa is conventionally supported by digital-to-analog andanalog-to-digital circuitry e.g. implemented on the basis of a digitalsignal processor (DSP, not shown).

The processing system 200 according to a specific embodiment illustratedin FIG. 1b includes the cellular interface (I/F) 260 coupled to theradio frequency antenna (outlined) and is operable with the subscriberidentification module (SIM) 265. The cellular interface (I/F) 260 isarranged as a cellular transceiver enabling reception of (RF) signalsfrom the cellular antenna, decoding the received signals, demodulatingthem and also reducing them to the base band frequency. The cellularinterface (I/F) 260 provides for an over-the-air interface, which servesin conjunction with the subscriber identification module (SIM) 265 forcellular communications with a corresponding base station (BS) of aradio access network (RAN) of a public land mobile network (PLMN).

The output of the cellular interface (I/F) 260 thus consists of a streamof data that may require further processing by the processing unit(CPU/MPU) 210. The cellular interface (I/F) 265 arranged as a cellulartransceiver is also adapted to receive data from the processing unit(CPU/MPU) 210 intended to be transmitted via the over-the-air interfaceto the base station (BS) of the radio access network (RAN) of the PublicLand Mobile Network (PLMN). Therefore, the cellular interface (I/F) 260encodes, modulates and up converts the data embodying signals to theradio frequency band, which is to be used for over-the-airtransmissions. The antenna (outlined) of the processing system 200 thentransmits the resulting radio frequency signals to the correspondingbase station (BS) of the Radio Access Network (RAN) of the Public LandMobile Network (PLMN). The cellular interface (I/F) 260 preferablysupports 2nd generation digital cellular network such as PCS (PersonalCommunications System) or GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications),which may be enabled for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and/or EDGE(Enhanced Data for GSM Evolution), WCDMA (Wideband Code DivisionMultiple Access) such as UMTS (Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem), cdma2000 (US specific CDMA system) and/or any similar, related,available and/or future standard for cellular data communications and/ortelephony.

The wireless data interface (I/F) 270 is depicted exemplarily and shouldbe understood as representing one or more wireless network interfaces,which may be provided in addition to or as an alternative of the abovedescribed cellular interface (I/F) 260 implemented in the exemplaryprocessing system 200. A large number of wireless network communicationstandards are today available. For instance, the processing system 200may include one or more wireless network interfaces operating inaccordance with any IEEE 802.xx standard, Wi-Fi standard, WiMAXstandard, any Bluetooth standard (1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 2.0 ER), ZigBee (forwireless personal area networks (WPANs)), infra-red Data Access (IRDA),any other currently available standards and/or any future wireless datacommunication standards such as UWB (Ultra-Wideband).

Moreover, the general data interface (I/F) 275 is depicted exemplarilyand should be understood as representing one or more data interfacesincluding in particular network interfaces implemented in the exemplaryprocessing system 200. Such a network interface may support wire-basednetworks such as Ethernet LAN (Local Area Network), PSTN (PublicSwitched Telephone Network), DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), and/or othercurrent available and future standards. The general data interface (I/F)182 may also represent any data interface including any proprietaryserial/parallel interface, a universal serial bus (USB) interface, aFirewire interface (according to any IEEE 1394/1394a/1394b etc.standard), a memory bus interface including ATAPI (Advanced TechnologyAttachment Packet Interface) conform bus, a MMC (MultiMediaCard)interface, a SD (SecureData) card interface, Flash card interface andthe like.

The processing system 200 may also comprise a DVB-H (Digital VideoBroadcast-Handheld) receiver 280, which is adapted to receive at leastmultimedia content including video content via an air interface fromDVB-H broadcast systems.

In general, DVB-H standard is built upon the principles of the DVB-T(Digital Video Broadcast-terrestrial) standard and includes enhancementsconsidering requirements to be met in mobile handheld receptionenvironment. Both DVB-H and DVB-T standards use the same physical layerand DVB-H standard can be backwards compatible with DVB-T standard. LikeDVB-T standard, DVB-H standard may be provided to carry the same MPEG-2transport stream and use the same transmitter and OFDM (OrthogonalFrequency Division Multiplexing) modulators for its radio frequencysignal. Up to 50 television programs targeted for handheld devices canbe transmitted in a single multiplex or the capacity of a multiplex canbe shared between DVB-T and DVB-H.

However, given the requirements for each system, DVB-H providesadditional support for mobile handheld reception. This includes batterysaving through time-slicing and increased general robustness andimproved error resilience compared to DVB-T using MPE-FEC (MultipleProtocol Encapsulation Forward Error Correction). In addition, DVB-Hsystem broadcasts multimedia content including for instance sound,video, picture, and other data using Internet Protocol (IP). As with anyportable (handheld) device, battery life is critically important. Usersprefer operating for the whole day or, preferably, several days withoutneeding to recharge their device. In order to reduce the amount of powerconsumed by a handheld device, DVB-H standard uses time-slicing.Time-slicing means that the data representing a particular service isdelivered to the handheld device in bursts at given intervals of time.

IPDC (Internet Protocol DataCasting) is a major aspect of DVB-H systems.With IP (Internet Protocol) Datacast, content is delivered in the formof data packets using the same distribution technique as used fordelivering digital content on the Internet. The use of Internet Protocolto carry its data, in so-called IP packets, allows DVB-H to rely uponstandard components and protocols for content manipulation, storage, andtransmission. In addition to video and audio stream broadcasting, IPDatacast over DVB-H system can be used also for file delivery.

While the DVB-T network is intended primarily for roof top antennareception, a DVB-H network will be designed for portable receptionavailable even inside buildings. Hence it will need a much higher signalpower density. In order to reach the higher power density needed formobile coverage levels, several network architectures can be useddepending on available frequencies, allowed maximum transmitter powersand antenna heights. The following network scenarios are possible:

-   -   Existing DVB-T network with indoor coverage and DVB-H within the        same multiplex,    -   DVB-T and DVB-H using hierarchical transmission in the same        radio frequency channel with DVB-H on the high-priority stream,        or    -   A DVB-H only network (which can then make use the optional 4K        mode if needed).

DVB-H system may use both Single Frequency Networks (SFN) and MultipleFrequency Networks (MFN) topologies.

It should be noted that the detailed implementation of DVB-H systems isout of the scope of the claims. However, the skilled reader shouldappreciate from the aforementioned introduction that a RF signalreceived from a DVB-H system is processed by the DVB-H receiver such asreceiver 280 to decapsulate the IP Datacast packets originallyencapsulated on system side prior to transmission. Reference should begiven to FIG. 2a , where a typical DVB-H system in cooperation with aDVB-T system is illustrated. In a typical DVB-H broadcasting systemembedded in a DVB-T broadcasting system a multiplexor 11 multiplexes theMPEG 2 Service streams and the transport stream originating from a DVB-HIP-Encapsulator 10, which is arranged for Multiple ProtocolEncapsulation (MPE) of IP-based Datacasts in a IPDC (Internet ProtocolDataCasting) process. The transport stream generated by the multiplexor11 is supplied to a DVB-T Modulator 12, which modulates the transportstream onto the radio frequency band for broadcasting via a RF channelin a point to multipoint transmission to DVB-H receivers. A DVB-Hreceiver such as the DVB-H receiver 280 is adapted to receive the RFsignal carrying the multiplexed transport stream. A DVB-H Demodulator 13of the DVB-H receiver demodulates received RF signal to obtain thetransport stream, which is supplied to a DVB-H IP-Decapsulator 14 of theDVB-H receiver. The DVB-H IP-Decapsulator 14 finally decapsulates the IPdata packets originally supplied to the DVB-H IP-Encapsulator 10.

The video decoder 400 is adapted to receive a digitallyencoded/compressed video bit stream. The bit stream supplied to thevideo decoder 400 may originate from a data storage connected to theprocessing system 200 or may be obtained via the cellular interface 260,the wireless interface (I/F) 270, the DVB-H receiver 280, or any otherdata interface of the processing system 200. In particular withreference to the latter case, the digitally encoded/compressed video bitstream is originally received in packetized form; i.e. the digitallyencoded/compressed video bit stream is divided into a plurality of videodata packets formed on transmitter side to allow transmission overpacket-based networks such as a cellular network, wireless datacommunications networks and/or Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) networks.The network layer decoder 410 of the processing system 200, whichcomponent is structurally interposed between video data packetsreceiving interface or receiver and decoder 400, respectively, isconfigured to form a bit stream from the plurality of video datapackets. The video decoder 400 is operable with any video codecs. Thedigitally encoded/compressed video bit stream is decoded by the videodecoder 400 and preferably outputted to be displayed via the displaycontroller and display 250 to a user of the processing system 200.

The components and modules illustrated in FIG. 1c may be integrated inthe processing system 200 as separate, individual modules, or in anycombination thereof. Preferably, one or more components and modules ofthe processing system 200 may be integrated with the processing unit(CPU/MPU) forming a system on a chip (SoC). Such system on a chip (SoC)integrates preferably all components of a computer system into a singlechip. A SoC may contain digital, analog, mixed-signal, and also oftenradio-frequency functions. A typical application is in the area ofembedded systems and portable systems, which are constricted especiallyto size and power consumption constraints. Such a typical SoC consistsof a number of integrated circuits that perform different tasks. Thesemay include one or more components comprising microprocessor (CPU/MPU),memory (RAM: random access memory, ROM: read-only memory), one or moreUARTs (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter), one or moreserial/parallel/network ports, DMA (direct memory access) controllerchips, GPU (graphic processing unit), DSP (digital signal processor)etc. The recent improvements in semiconductor technology have allowedVLSI (Very-Large-Scale Integration) integrated circuits to grow incomplexity, making it possible to integrate all components of a systemin a single chip.

Typical alternative portable processing systems or devices may includepersonal digital assistants (PDAs), hand-held computers, notebooks,so-called smart phones (cellular phone with improved computational andstorage capacity allowing for carrying out one or more sophisticated andcomplex applications), which devices are equipped with one or morenetwork interfaces enabling typically data communications overpacket-switched data networks. Moreover, it should be understood thatalthough the aforementioned processing system 200 embodied as a portableterminal device, the claims are not limited to any specificimplementation of a processing terminal device. Rather, any processingterminal device capable for decoding video may be employed with variousembodiments. The implementation of such typical microprocessor baseddevices capable for processing multimedia content including decodingmultimedia content is well known in the art.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the claims are not limitedto any specific portable processing-enabled device, which representsmerely one possible processing-enabled device, which is capable forcarrying out the various processes described herein. It should beunderstood that the inventive concept relates to addresses transmissionand/or packetizing aspects of video data encoded by the video encoder300 and intended for being decoded by the video decoder 400. Theprocessing systems 100 and 200 comprising the video encoder 300 and thevideo decoder 400 are illustrated exemplarily. Any kind ofprocessing-enabled device may be operable with principles set forthherein, including for instance a fixed and/or portable device asdescribed above, a personal computer (PC), a consumer electronic (CE)device, a network processing entity such as a server and the like.

FIG. 2b illustrates schematically a basic block diagram of a videoencoder according to an exemplary embodiment. The illustrative videoencoder shown in FIG. 2b depicts a hybrid decoder employing temporal andspatial prediction for video encoding such as being used for videoencoding in accordance with the H.264 standard. It should be noted thatthe claims are not limited to any specific video encoding standard orcodec. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conceptaccording to an exemplary embodiment is applicable with any other videoencoding standard including but not limited any MPEG x and any H.26xstandard. The designation MPEG x should be understood as comprising inparticular MPEG 1, MPEG 2, MPEG 4, and any specific profiles and levelsthereof as well as any future developments. The designation H.26x shouldbe understood as comprising in particular H.261, H.262, H.263, and H.264as well as any related and/or future developments.

The general idea of predictive coding comprises in general two majoraspects. Referring to the first aspect, a representation of the sourcesignal is desired that allows for removal of redundant information toachieve high compression efficiency. Referring to the second aspect,irrelevant information should be removed, i.e. the portions of thesignal that can be discarded without (serious) degradation of the signalcontent and quality.

A first frame, an Instantaneous Decoding Refresh (IDR) frame, or arandom access point of a video sequence is generally coded without useof any information other than that contained in the this frame. Thistype of coding is designated “Intra” coding and such an Intra codedframe is typically designated as I-frame and IDR-frame, respectively.The remaining pictures of the videos sequence and the pictures betweenrandom access points of the videos sequence are typically coded using“Inter” coding, respectively. Inter coding employs information from atleast one or more previously decoded pictures and is conventionallydesignated Inter prediction typically based on motion estimation. Theencoding process for Inter prediction or motion estimation is based onchoosing motion data, comprising the reference picture, and a spatialdisplacement that is applied to all samples of the block. The motiondata which is transmitted as side information is used by the encoder anddecoder to simultaneously provide the “Inter” prediction signal. Thevideo encoder 300 preferably creates a series of (e.g. periodic)reference image frames (i.e. “Intra” or I-frames) intermingled withintervening predicted image frames (i.e. “Inter” frames including atleast P-frames and/or B-frames) to maximize image coding efficiencywhile maintaining high image quality when reproduced by a video decodersuch as the video decoder 400.

In the following, the concept of the hybrid coding scheme is presented.The scheme is called hybrid because it combines temporal prediction withtransform coding of the prediction error. Here, the description focuseson the encoding of luma component on the encoder side. For chromaencoding the same scheme is employed, with motion vectors inherited fromthe luma component. A block diagram of the hybrid coding scheme isdepicted in FIG. 2b . The discussed scheme is valid for encoding ofso-called I-frames and P-frames, that allow for inter prediction from asingle reference and intra coding. The scheme can be extended forso-called B-frames that allow for the combination of predictors from tworeference frames. The name B-frame results from the fact that theseframes are traditionally inserted between the frames of a P-framesequence, and thereby can employ bi-directional prediction from theadjacent P-frames.

Depending on the motion prediction and the transform coding method, thescheme can be applied to whole pictures or partitions of pictures. Thestandardized hybrid coding schemes employ so-called macroblocks of 16×16luma pixels (plus chroma) as the working unit for the prediction schemeand 8×8 or 4×4 block transforms. FIG. 2b depicts the case of spatialintra prediction as it is used in H.264/AVC. The boundary pixels ofdecoded neighboring macroblocks can be used for intra prediction. MPEG-1and MPEG-2 employ DC prediction from neighboring blocks; H.263 andMPEG-4 allow for DC and AC prediction. These prediction methods areemployed in the transform domain.

Taking a current frame received from the buffer 502, the video encoder300 chooses the best block in a frame provided either by the Intra-frameprediction unit 507 or the motion compensation unit 508 to calculate adifference frame, which is processed with a transform and quantizationoperation performed by the means of a transformer and quantizer. Herein,but not limited thereto, these units are schematically illustrated as anintegrated transform and quantizing unit 503. Then, the resultingquantized transform coefficients are entropy coded by the means of theentropy coding unit 510 such that a compressed video bit stream results,which may be stored temporarily in a buffer 512 for being finallyoutputted. In other words, a residual of the prediction (one of “Inter”or “Intra”), which is the difference between the original and thepredicted block, is transformed, scaled, quantized and entropy coded.The now fully encoded video bit stream may be transferred to memory andthen recorded on the desired media or transmitted to one or more desiredreceiver.

In more detail, a current block G_(n) to be encoded is predicted by aprediction block Ĝ_(n) that can either be generated from intra or interprediction. Intra prediction can reuse decoded areas of the same pictureto approximate G_(n). Inter prediction employs blocks from previouslydecoded frames. The prediction error signal D_(n) is passed to thetransform and the proximate quantization stage for irrelevance removal,herein the transform and quantizing unit 503. The quantized transformcoefficients are entropy coded by the entropy coding unit 510 andprovided to be transmitted to the decoder. In an additional Copy mode,the decoder can be advised to keep the content of the previous frame forthe respective region and omit motion vector and prediction errortransmission.

For re-application in the prediction process, D_(n) is passed todequantization and inverse transform stage, herein, but not limitedthereto, dequantizing and inverse transform unit 504. The reconstructedprediction error D′_(n) is then added to the prediction signal Ĝ_(n) toconstitute the reconstructed signal G′_(n). A loop filter 505 may beapplied to reduce artifacts that are due to prediction andreconstruction. Thereby, the subjective and objective reconstructionquality can be enhanced. Since reconstruction and optional loopfiltering is identical to the encoder and the decoder side, both,encoder and decoder stay synchronized with the same reconstructed outputG′_(n). The reconstructed picture G″_(n) may be stored in a frame buffer506 to be used as reference for motion prediction. At least one pictureneeds to be available from the buffer 506 for subsequent motioncompensation. In principal, the maximum number of pictures in the buffer506 is only bound by implementation complexity constraints.

The motion compensation stage, herein the motion compensation unit 508,employs parameters that are estimated by the motion estimation stage,herein a motion estimation unit 509, to generate a prediction of thecurrent block G_(n) out of a reference G″_(n-k). In case of translatoricmotion compensation, the parameter set V_(n) resulting from motionestimation is called the displacement or motion vector field. V_(n) isentropy coded by the entropy coding unit 510 and passed to the bitstream for transmission to the decoder.

The decision which region of a frame should be predicted by which meansand what degree of quantization shall be applied is drawn by a codercontrol that has access to all other building blocks of the scheme. Thistool may apply algorithms for optimized mode decision to maximize theoverall rate/distortion performance, or rate control techniques toenable an encoded stream output of constant bit rate. The hybrid encoderand decoder stay synchronized since the decoding process is integratedinto the encoder. Of course, synchronization is provided only under theassumption of an error-free transmission of the bit stream. In FIG. 2bthe decoder building blocks that are integrated into the encoder aresurrounded by a dashed line.

The entropy coding process represents a compressing process, whichassigns shorter code words to symbols with higher probabilities ofoccurrence and longer code words to symbols with lower probabilities ofoccurrence. Different entropy encoding mechanisms are applicable withvideo encoding. For instance with reference to H.264 video encodingstandard, Context Adaptive Variable Length Coding (CAVLC) is used and,for instance with reference to Main profile broadcast content, an evenmore efficient Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) isused. In principle entropy encoding techniques take advantage of thefrequency of occurrence and magnitude of non-zero coefficients inneighboring blocks to choose the variable length coding (VLC) lookuptable to be used for each block.

The transform and inverse transform operation is generally based onbijective transform algorithms, including in particular exact orseparable integer transform operable with H.264 video encoding standardfor 4×4 sample/pixel sub-blocks and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)operable with MPEG x video encoding standard for 8×8 sample/pixelsub-blocks, respectively. The exact or separable integer transformenables exact inverse transform due to integer calculation. The DiscreteCosine Transform (DCT) requires rounding, which implies rounding errors,which is especially considerable with respect to inverse Discrete CosineTransform (DCT).

The video input signal to be encoded by the video encoder 300 outputtinga resulting video output bit stream may pre-processed by the means of apre-processing unit 501 before being supplied to the video encoder.Typically, the video input signal is picture-wise provided to the videoencoder input, where a picture of a video sequence can be a frame or afield. As aforementioned, each picture is split into macroblocks eachhaving a predefined fixed size. Each macroblock covers a rectangulararea of the picture. Preferably, typical macroblocks have an area of16×16 samples/pixels of the luminance component and 8×8 samples/pixelsof each of the two chrominance components.

Typical video coding techniques use YCbCr color space for presentation,where Y is the luminance component, Cb is the blue color differencecomponent or first chrominance component, and Cr is the red colordifference component or second chrominance component. Research into theHuman Visual System (HVS) has shown that the human eye is most sensitiveto changes in luminance, and less sensitive to variations inchrominance. Hence, the use of YCbCr color space represents a favorableway for considering chrematistics of the human eye. If required, thepre-processing unit 501 allows transforming the video input signal fromRGB (red, green, blue component) color space into YCbCr color space.

An output buffer 512 may be provided to (temporarily) buffer the outputbit stream.

FIG. 2c illustrates schematically a basic block diagram of a videodecoder interoperable with the video encoder depicted in FIG. 2baccording to an exemplary embodiment. The decoder 400 receives acompressed bit stream for instance from the video encoder describedabove. The received compressed bit stream may be buffered in an inputbuffer 513. The data of the bit stream is entropy decoded by an entropydecoding unit 514 to produce a set of quantized coefficients. Thesecoefficients are dequantized and inverse transformed by the dequantizingand inverse transform unit 515 to give D′_(n), which is identical toD′_(n) shown in FIG. 2b . By using header information decoded from thebit stream, the decoder 400 creates a prediction macroblock Ĝ_(n),identical to the original prediction Ĝ_(n) formed in the encoder. Theprediction macroblock Ĝ_(n), may be obtained from either Intra frameprediction (spatial prediction) performed by an Intra frame predictionunit or from motion compensation/Inter frame prediction (temporalprediction) performed by a motion compensation unit 518, which is basedon one or more previously decoded reference frames G″_(n-k) buffered ina frame buffer 517.

The prediction macroblock Ĝ_(n) is added to D′_(n) to produce anunfiltered decoded macroblock G′_(n) which this is filtered by thefilter unit 516 to create the decoded macroblock G″_(n). The decodedmacroblock G″_(n). may be temporarily buffered in an output buffer 520e.g. before being supplied for reproduction.

It should be noted that in H.264/AVC the applicable prediction signalcan be selected from multiple reference frames. An additional parameteris encoded with the motion vector displacement indicating the referenceframe to be used. The applicable reference frames are captured in areference frame list from which the encoder can choose. The referenceframes can consist of I-, P- and B-slices. For partition sizes largerthan 8×8, each partition motion vector contains a separate referenceframe index. Sub-partitions of 8×8 blocks may only predict from the samereference frame. The number of applicable reference frames is determinedby the sequence parameter set.

With reference to H.264/AVC, the codec specification distinguishesconceptually between a video coding layer (VCL) and a networkabstraction/adaptation layer (NAL). The video coding layer (VCL)contains the signal processing functionality of the codec; mechanismssuch as transform, quantization, and motion compensated prediction; anda loop filter. The video coding layer (VCL) encoder outputs slices: abit string that contains the macroblock data of an integer number ofmacroblocks, and the information of the slice header (containing thespatial address of the first macroblock in the slice, the initialquantization parameter, and similar information). Macroblocks in slicesare arranged in scan order unless a different macroblock allocation isspecified, by using the so-called Flexible Macroblock Ordering syntax.In-picture prediction (Intra prediction) is used only within a slice.The Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) encoder encapsulates the sliceoutput of the video coding layer (VCL) encoder into Network AbstractionLayer Units (NAL units), which are suitable for transmission over packetnetworks or use in packet oriented multiplex environments. Annex B ofH.264 standard defines an encapsulation process to transmit such NALunits over byte-stream oriented networks. Reference should be giventhereto for detailed information.

The structural two layer concept is illustrated in FIG. 2d . Referenceshould be given thereto. The video coding layer (VCL) is provided toallow for performing all classical signal processing tasks as describedin detail above.

In general, the network adaptation layer (NAL) adapts the generated bitstreams to various network and multiplexing environments. The majoraspects of the layer concept is to provide a clean interface betweensignal processing technology of the video coding layer (VCL) and thetransport-oriented mechanisms of the network adaptation layer (NAL) andsource-based encoding is not necessary in heterogeneous networks. Theencoded video data is organized in so-called NAL units that comprise aNAL unit header byte and an integer number of data bytes. The NAL unitheader indicates the type of payload data (VCL or other). A sequence ofNAL units generated by a NAL encoder 310 and in particular a payloadgenerator 315 is referenced as a NAL unit stream.

Picture and sequence parameter set are conveyed in separate NAL unitsbesides the VCL NAL units. Both are used to indicate settings thatrarely change and hence are valid for a number of VCL NAL units. Thesequence parameter set applies to a coded video sequence of successivelyencoded pictures. Parameters that are valid for single pictures aretransmitted in the picture parameter set. Each VCL NAL unit has anidentifier that indicates the picture parameter set to be used to decodethe VCL data. The picture parameter set in turn contains an identifierto the applicable sequence parameter set. Both parameter sets can betransmitted at any time, e.g. well in advance before the VCL units theyapply to. Since the parameter information is crucial for decoding oflarge portions of the NAL unit stream, it can be protected stronger orresent at any time for increased error robustness. In-band transmissionwith the VCL NAL units or out-of-band transmission over a separatechannel can be used if desired by a target application.

A set of NAL units that comprises all data necessary to decode onepicture is called an Access Unit. This Access Unit comprises VCL NALunits composing the so-called Primary Coded Picture. Additionally, NALunits with supplemental enhancement information (SEI) and VCL NAL unitsfor a redundant coded picture can be contained in an access unit. Thestructure of an Access Unit is exemplarily depicted in FIG. 2 e.

The SEI data contains information, e.g. like timing information, isoptional information to decode the current picture, but may enhance theusability of the decoded picture. Additional VCL NAL units can betransmitted for additional representation of areas of the primarypicture. These are called redundant coded pictures and can be used e.g.for error recovery. A series of sequential access units in the NAL unitstream that requires one single sequence parameter set is called a CodedVideo Sequence. A NAL unit stream can contain multiple Coded VideoSequences. Each Coded Video Sequence begins with an Access Unitcontaining an instantaneous decoding refresh (IDR) picture. The IDRpicture consists of a self-contained intra coded picture that isrequired to start a new video sequence. The pictures of an encoded videosequence are partitioned into macroblocks. A macroblock (MB) is thebasic building block of the standard the decoding process is specifiedfor. A macroblock comprises typically 16×16 pixels of luma and the twocorresponding chroma 8×8 blocks. The macroblocks (MBs) in a picture areorganized in slices. A slice is a sequence of successive macroblockswithin a slice group (see below) that is self-contained. A set of one ormore slices comprises a picture. Here, self-contained means that theslice can be decoded independently from other slices in the same pictureaccording to the applicable sequence and picture parameter sets.Thereby, parallel decoding of multiple slices in a picture is enabled. Afunctionality of Arbitrary Slice Ordering (ASO) enables the encoder tosend the slices of a frame in any order relative to each other. Slicegroups are introduced with the concept of Flexible Macroblock Ordering(FMO). With Flexible Macroblock Ordering, the macroblocks in a pictureare assigned to a slice group according to a Macroblock-to-Slice-Groupmap (MB2SG). A slice group can contain multiple slices that in turncontain a sequence of macroblocks that belong to the slice groupaccording to the MB2SG map. In contrast to conventional slices, FlexibleMacroblock Ordering (FMO) allows for almost arbitrary arrangements ofmacroblocks belonging to a slice group.

Additionally, a group of pictures (GOP) concept is inherited fromtypical video codecs including MPEG x and H.26x standard and refers toan I-frame, followed by all the P and B-frames to a next I-frameexclusive. For instance, a typical MPEG GOP structure might beIBBPBBPBB.

Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) as specified in RFC 3550 is one ofthe major transport protocols applicable for transmission over anywireless or wired communication media including in particular theaforementioned data communications and broadcasting networks. TheReal-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload format provides end-to-endnetwork transport functions suitable for applications transmittingreal-time data, such as audio and video, over multicast or unicastnetwork services. An RTP payload format specifies the mapping between aparticular coding format and RTP packets, i.e. the payload formatspecifies the structure of the RTP payload for a particular codingformat. The RTP payload format for H.264 video, RFC 3984, allows forpacketization of one or more Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) Units ineach Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) payload. The payload format haswide applicability, as it supports applications from simple low bit-rateconversational usage, to Internet video streaming with interleavedtransmission, to high bit rate video-on-demand.

Different packetization modes are supported by the RTP payload formatfor H.264 video: Single NAL unit mode, Non-interleaved mode, andInterleaved mode.

The single NAL unit mode is targeted for conversational systems thatcomply with ITU-T Recommendation H.241. The non-interleaved mode istargeted for conversational systems that may not comply with ITU-TRecommendation H.241. In the non-interleaved mode, which is specificallyaddressed herein, NAL units are transmitted in NAL unit decoding order.The interleaved mode is targeted for systems that do not require verylow end-to-end latency. The interleaved mode allows transmission of NALunits out of NAL unit decoding order. The transmission order of NALunits is allowed to differ from the decoding order of the NAL units. Adecoding order number (DON) is a field in the payload structure or aderived variable that indicates the NAL unit decoding order.

In general, the decoding order number (DON) is a field in the payloadstructure, or a derived variable indicating NAL unit decoding order.Values of decoding order number (DON) are in the range of 0 to 65535,inclusive. After reaching the maximum value, the value of DON wrapsaround to 0.

Moreover, with reference to page 17 of RFC 3984 it is stated that

-   -   “Values of DON related fields MUST be such that the decoding        order determined by the values of DON, as specified above,        conforms to the NAL unit decoding order. If the order of two NAL        units in NAL unit decoding order is switched and the new order        does not conform to the NAL unit decoding order, the NAL units        MUST NOT have the same value of DON. If the order of two        consecutive NAL units in the NAL unit stream is switched and the        new order still conforms to the NAL unit decoding order, the NAL        units MAY have the same value of DON. For example, when        arbitrary slice order is allowed by the video coding profile in        use, all the coded slice NAL units of a coded picture are        allowed to have the same value of DON. Consequently, NAL units        having the same value of DON can be decoded in any order, and        two NAL units having a different value of DON should be passed        to the decoder in the order specified above. When two        consecutive NAL units in the NAL unit decoding order have a        different value of DON, the value of DON for the second NAL unit        in decoding order SHOULD be the value of DON for the first,        incremented by one.”

A typical problem in digital video transmission is under-utilization ofavailable bit rate when transmitter-side buffering is low. Thecompression ratio of video depends on the source material—complicatedtextures, fast motion, big moving areas, or non-translational motionmake pictures more difficult to compress. Many times video streamscontain sections of different “complexity” for compression efficiency,and when the picture quality is kept constant, the resulting bit ratevaries. Especially in case of live encoding (i.e. real-time encoding andrelatively small buffer between the encoder and the transmitter) thetransmitted bit rate also varies as a function of source content. Thismay lead to an unnecessary and undesired under-utilization of theavailable channel bit rate.

In view of the aforementioned under-utilization, an increase in initialbuffering delay may appear. Many times a coded video stream is aconcatenation of coded sequences from different origin. For example,consider the following application case: A football game is broadcastlive in a packet-based network including packet data networks and/orbroadcasting networks. The business model of the content provider isbased on insertion of commercials into the ongoing program broadcast.The exact time for this insertion, however, is not known precisely, asthe broadcaster will not want to interrupt an ongoing game and wait fora break.

Since there is a complete scene change between the football game and thecommercial, there is normally a need for an I picture or an IDR pictureat the beginning of the video picture sequence coding the commercial.Transmitting this first picture in high quality normally requires asignificantly higher number of bits, which may add initial bufferingdelay and buffer space requirements, because it is not previously knownexactly where this I picture is added or decoded. The first picture ofthe commercial may follow an I picture that was just transmitted as partof the usual broadcast program. Consequently, the required initialbuffering time for the intra picture may be relatively high, which maycause a temporary picture freeze before showing the first picture of thecommercial. However, the time delay for inserting commercials totypically limited and each delay in time may be annoying to the viewers.

Consequently an enhanced time controlling of the reproduction isrequired. A first approach may use explicit commands to control when apicture is to be reproduced. For example, in JVT-D093 “On NAL UnitOrder” (Joint Video Team of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG, 4^(th) Meeting inKlagenfurt, Austria, 22-26 Jul. 2002) it is claimed that “Picture FreezeRequest” and “Picture Freeze Release” Supplemental EnhancementInformation (SEI) messages can be used to prevent the displaying of apicture sent “early” and in JVT-C141 “ERPS Use for Commercials inBroadcasting/Streaming” (Joint Video Team of ISO/IEC MPEG & ITU-T VCEG),3^(rd) Meeting in Fairfax, Va., USA, 6-10 Mai 2002 it is proposed thatthe “Display Command” Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) messagecould be used to control the displaying moment an “early-transmitted”picture.

However, the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) based systems do notcount on Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) messages whenpicture display timing has to be resolved.

With reference to RFC 3984 page 10, it is stated that

-   -   “Receivers SHOULD ignore any picture timing SEI messages        included in access units that have only one display timestamp.        Instead, receivers SHOULD use the RTP timestamp for        synchronizing the display process.    -   RTP senders SHOULD NOT transmit picture timing SEI messages for        pictures that are not supposed to be displayed as multiple        fields.”

Therefore, it would be inconsequent to require handling of some SEImessages for picture display timing, while the picture timingSupplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message is discouraged. The“Display Command” Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) message hasnot become part of the standard.

Moreover, with reference to RFC 3984 page 17, it is described that

-   -   “Receivers should not expect that the absolute difference of        values of DON for two consecutive NAL units in the NAL unit        decoding order will be equal to one, even in error-free        transmission. An increment by one is not required, as at the        time of associating values of DON to NAL units; it may not be        known whether all NAL units are delivered to the receiver. For        example, a gateway may not forward coded slice NAL units of        non-reference pictures or SEI NAL units when there is a shortage        of bit rate in the network to which the packets are forwarded.        In another example, a live broadcast is interrupted by        pre-encoded content, such as commercials, from time to time. The        first intra picture of a pre-encoded clip is transmitted in        advance to ensure that it is readily available in the receiver.        When transmitting the first intra picture, the originator does        not exactly know how many NAL units will be encoded before the        first intra picture of the pre-encoded clip follows in decoding        order. Thus, the values of DON for the NAL units of the first        intra picture of the pre-encoded clip have to be estimated when        they are transmitted, and gaps in values of DON may occur.”

Various embodiments provide for a statistical multiplexing of at leasttwo video sequences (a first and a second video sequence each comprisingone or more NAL units) composing a single video stream. Hereinstatistical multiplexing means, that at least some NAL units (which willbe called herein in-advance transmitted NAL units) of a second sequenceare transmitted interleaved with the first video sequence. It should benoted that the second sequence designates the second sequence indecoding or reproduction (display) order. It should be furtherunderstood that the second sequence is preferably decoded and reproducedimmediately in time after the first sequence. The interleavedtransmission should use the interleaved packetization mode of the RTPpayload format for H.264/AVC as defined in RFC 3984.

The decoding/reproduction point in time of the decoded picturescorresponding to the in-advance transmitted NAL units (of the secondsequence) is not known at the time of transmission.

Reference should be given to FIG. 3a , which depicts schematic diagramsillustrating the video sequences, a statistically multiplexed sequenceon transport level and a display sequence in accordance with anexemplary embodiment. In addition, reference should also be given toFIG. 3b , which depicts schematically components on Network AdaptationLayer (NAL) level, applicable for realizing.

As aforementioned, a first and second sequence of VCL NAL units isdepicted. For the sake of illustration, the first VCL NAL sequencecomprises exemplarily a first sub-sequence of pictures IDR¹, B¹, P¹, B¹(which is herein exemplarily a first group of pictures (GOP)) and asecond sub sequence of pictures IDR¹, B¹, B¹, P¹, B¹, B¹ (which isherein exemplarily a second group of pictures (GOP)). Those skilled inthe art will appreciate that the picture/frame sequence of the firstsequence is just illustrative and that the exemplary embodiments shouldbe understood as not limited thereto. The second VCL NAL sequencecomprises exemplarily a first sub sequence including IDR², B², B², P²,and a second sub-sequence comprising D², D², D², D², B², B², IDR². Thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the picture/frame sequence ofthe second sequence is just illustrative and that the exemplaryembodiments should be understood as not limited thereto. It should beunderstood that IDR refers to an Instantaneous Decoder Refresh (IDR)Intra-frame (I-frame) coded picture, P refers to a P-frame codedpicture, and B refers to a B-frame coded picture as defined above. Drefers to dummy timing pictures, which are described below.

In order to illustrate the statistic multiplexing performed byinterleaving, the statistically multiplexed sequence on transport level,where the first sub-sequence of the second sequence of VCL NAL units isinterleaved with the first sequence of VCL NAL units. The firstsub-sequence of the second sequence corresponds to the aforementionedgenerally designated in-advance transmitted NAL units. According to anexemplary embodiment, on transmitter side, a statistical multiplexerunit 311 performs the statistical multiplexing in dependence the bitrate required for transmission of the first sequence of VCL NAL units.This means that the in-advance transmitted NAL units (the firstsub-sequence of the second sequence) is interleaved with the firstsequence in case the required bit rate for transmission of the NAL unitsof the first sequence is below a pre-defined threshold. Once fallingbelow this threshold is detected, interleaving is performed in order toeffectively utilize the total available bit rate. The forming of thedata packet payload is operable under control of the payload generator315, which is herein illustratively part of the NAL encoder 310described above. The forming of the payload is performed in accordancewith the multiplexed sequence resulting from the statistical multiplexer311. Without limiting thereto, the first and second digital videosequences are provided by a source 705 for compressed/digital videosequences. It should be noted that although the interleaving isillustrated in FIG. 3b on the basis of pictures, slices of pictures maybe transmitted in interleaved manner. In particular in view of I-framecoded pictures or IDR coded pictures, a comparably huge amount of datahas to be transmitted. The partitioning of such I-frame/IDR codedpictures into slices requiring correspondingly smaller transmissionpromotes the advantageous utilization of the available total bit rate ofthe transmission medium.

With reference to the application case, those skilled in the art willappreciate that at the time the commercial starts an Intra-coded pictureis available. According to an exemplary embodiment, slices of firstIntra-coded picture are transmittable beforehand, probably over thecourse of many seconds. Every time the real-time encoder and/or thestatistical multiplexer unit sense available bits due to low sceneactivity, respectively, another slice of the Intra-coded picture couldbe sent.

In various embodiments, the transmitter sets the RTP timestamp of thein-advance transmitted NAL units to a value that is (considerable) lowerthan for the previously decoded picture in output order. Thus, thereceiver will not decode and reproduce the picture(s) corresponding tothe in-advance transmitted NAL units. However, the in-advancetransmitted NAL units are stored on receiver side.

In interleaved mode, the general concept behind de-packetization onreceiver side is to reorder NAL units from transmission order to the NALunit decoding order. The receiver, herein the NAL decoder 410 and inparticular the payload extractor 415, includes a receiver buffer, whichis used to compensate for transmission delay jitter and to reorderpackets from transmission order to the NAL unit decoding order. In viewof interleaved mode, the receiver operation should be outlined under theassumption that there is no transmission delay jitter. To make adifference from a practical receiver buffer that is also used forcompensation of transmission delay jitter, the receiver buffer should behere after called the deinterleaving buffer. Nevertheless, it should beunderstood that a receiver or the NAL decoder and the payload extractorshould also prepare for transmission delay jitter; i.e., either reservea separate buffer for transmission delay jitter buffering anddeinterleaving buffering or use a general buffer for both transmissiondelay jitter and deinterleaving. Moreover, a receiver has generally totake transmission delay jitter into account in the buffering operation;e.g., by additional initial buffering before starting of decoding anddisplaying/reproducing.

The deinterleaving buffer may be operated in two buffering states, i.e.an initial buffering and buffering while displaying/reproducing. Theinitial buffering occurs when a Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP)session is initialized. After initial buffering, decoding anddisplaying/reproducing is started, and the buffering-while-playing modeis used. Regardless of the buffering state, the receiver stores incomingNAL units, in reception order, in the deinterleaving buffer as follows.

NAL units of aggregation packets are stored in the deinterleaving bufferindividually. The value of decoding order number (DON) is calculated andstored for all NAL units. Inter alia, the initial buffering state isoperable until there are N VCL NAL units in the deinterleaving buffer orfor the duration equal to or greater than a predefined threshold(sprop-init-buf-time MIME parameter). In order to supply NAL units fordecoding, the NAL units to be removed from the deinterleaving buffer incase the deinterleaving buffer contains at least a predetermined numberN of VCL NAL units. Then, the NAL units are removed from thedeinterleaving buffer and passed to the decoder in the order specifiedin accordance with the DON until the buffer contains a number of N-1 VCLNAL units.

The order in which NAL units are passed to the decoder is specified onthe basis of the DON and in particular on the basis of a DON distancealgorithm determined in dependence on the DON assigned to each VCL NALunit. For detailed information about the DON distance algorithmreference should be given to RFC 3984.

When the display time of the pictures corresponding to the in-advancetransmitted NAL units becomes available, the transmitter generates codedpicture(s), herein called dummy timing pictures, which are preferablyinter-predicted from the decoded picture(s) corresponding to thein-advance transmitted NAL units without any prediction error data. Inother words, decoding of the dummy timing pictures results into exactcopies of the decoded pictures corresponding to thein-advance-transmitted NAL units. With reference to FIG. 3b , the dummytiming pictures are referred to as D².

The decoded reference picture marking syntax element in the dummy timingpictures should be set such that no copies of decoded pictures exist inthe reference picture buffer. The RTP timestamp for the dummy timingpictures is set according to the desired reproduction/display time.Consequently, receivers will reproduce/display the pictures at theircorrect timestamps, which is exemplarily illustrated in FIG. 3b , wherethe display order of the first and second sequence in accordance withthe inventive concept is shown.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate on the basis of the embodimentsdescribed above that the inventive concept is not limited to theaforementioned application case. Concepts disclosed herein are operablewith current standard-compliant implementations. It should be noted thatno additional signaling in regard of compared to the currently specifiedstandards is needed. The scope of the various embodiments is onlylimited by the accompanying claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: multiplexing a first digitalvideo sequence with a second digital video sequence, each sequencecomprising a plurality of coded pictures; composing the first digitalvideo sequence and the second digital video sequence into a video streamin correspondence with a result of the multiplexing, wherein pictures ofthe second digital video sequence are included in advance in the videostream and are associated with timing information such that a receiverwill not decode and reproduce the pictures of the second digital videosequence; and subsequently including a sequence of dummy pictures intothe video stream, wherein the dummy pictures are inter-predicted from atleast one picture of the second video sequence coded in advance in thevideo stream.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein pictures ofthe first digital video sequence and a dummy picture sequence areintended for real-time reproduction.
 3. The method according to claim 1,wherein pictures of the at least two digital video sequences comprisesone or more slices, wherein the one or more slices can be rearranged topictures.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the multiplexingis performed in dependence of at least one of an available bit rateprovided by a transport medium indented for transmission of the videostream and a target bit rate required for transmission of the firstdigital video sequence.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein themultiplexing is performed in dependence of a bit rate threshold.
 6. Themethod according to claim 1, wherein each picture of the second digitalvideo sequence that is included in the video stream in advance, isassociated with a timestamp information, wherein the timestampinformation refers to earlier time information than time information ofpictures of the first digital video sequence included in the videostream next to the pictures of the second digital video sequences.
 7. Acomputer program product, the computer program product comprises programcode sections stored on a non-transitory machine-readable medium forcarrying out operations of the program code section when executed on aprocessor-based device, a terminal device, a network device, a portableterminal, a consumer electronic device, or a wireless communicationenabled terminal, the operations comprising: multiplexing a firstdigital video sequence with a second digital video sequence, eachsequence comprising a plurality of coded pictures; composing the firstdigital video sequence and the second digital video sequence into avideo stream in correspondence with a result of the multiplexing,wherein pictures of the second digital video sequence are included inadvance in the video stream and are associated with timing informationsuch that a receiver will not decode and reproduce the pictures of thesecond digital video sequence; and subsequently including a sequence ofdummy pictures into the video stream, wherein the dummy pictures areinter-predicted from at least one picture of the second digital videosequence coded in advance in the video stream.
 8. A module comprising: amultiplexer that is configured to multiplex a first digital videosequence with a second digital video sequence, each sequence comprisinga plurality of coded pictures; a payload generator that is configured tocompose the at least two digital video sequences into a video stream incorrespondence with a result of the multiplexing, wherein pictures ofthe second digital video sequence are included in advance in a videostream and are associated with timing information such that a receiverwill not decode and reproduce the pictures of the second digital videosequence; and a network layer encoder that is configured to subsequentlyinclude a sequence of dummy pictures into the video stream, wherein thedummy pictures are inter-predicted from the at least one picture of thesecond digital video sequence coded in advance in the video stream. 9.The module according to claim 8, wherein the multiplexer is operablewith an available bit rate provided by a transport medium intended fortransmission of the video stream or in dependence on a target bit raterequired for transmission of the first digital video sequence.
 10. Themodule according to claim 8, wherein the multiplexer is operable independence of a bit rate threshold.
 11. The module according to claim 8,wherein each picture of the second digital video sequence that isincluded in the video stream in advance, is associated with timestampinformation, wherein the timestamp information refers to earlier timeinformation than time information of pictures of the first digital videosequence included in the video stream next to the pictures of the seconddigital video sequences.
 12. A device comprising: a decoder that isconfigured to reproduce at least two digital video sequences eachcomprising a plurality of coded pictures, wherein the at least twodigital video sequences form one video stream; a multiplexer that isconfigured to multiplex a first digital video sequence with a seconddigital video sequence, each sequence comprising a plurality of codedpictures; a payload generator that is configured to compose the at leasttwo digital video sequences into the video stream in correspondence witha result of the multiplexing, wherein pictures of the second digitalvideo sequence are included in advance in the video stream and areassociated with timing information such that a receiver will not decodeand reproduce the pictures of the second digital video sequence; and anetwork layer encoder that is configured to subsequently include asequence of dummy pictures into the video stream, wherein the dummypictures are inter-predicted from at least one picture of the seconddigital video sequence coded in advance in the video stream.
 13. Thedevice according to claim 12, wherein the multiplexer is operable withan available bit rate provided by a transport medium intended fortransmission of the video stream or in dependence on a target bit raterequired for transmission of the first digital video sequence.
 14. Thedevice according to claim 12, wherein the multiplexer is operable independence of a bit rate threshold.
 15. The device according to claim12, wherein each picture of the second digital video sequence that isincluded in the video stream in advance, is associated with timestampinformation, wherein the timestamp information refers to earlier timeinformation than time information of pictures of the first digital videosequence included in the video stream next to the pictures of the seconddigital video sequences.
 16. The device according to claim 12, whereinthe video stream is intended for transmission through at least one of apacket-based communications network and a packet based broadcastingnetwork.
 17. A system comprising: a decoder that is configured toreproduce at least two digital video sequences each comprising aplurality of coded pictures, wherein the at least two digital videosequences form a video stream; a multiplexer that is configured tomultiplex a first digital video sequence with a second digital videosequence, each sequence comprising a plurality of coded pictures; apayload generator that is configured to compose the at least two digitalvideo sequences into the video stream in correspondence with a result ofthe multiplexing, wherein pictures of the second digital video sequenceare included in advance in the video stream and are associated withtiming information such that a receiver will not decode and reproducethe pictures of the second digital video sequence; and a network layerencoder that is configured to subsequently include a sequence of dummypictures into the video stream, wherein the dummy pictures areinter-predicted from at least one picture of the second digital videosequence coded in advance in the video stream.
 18. The system accordingto claim 17, wherein the multiplexer is operable with an available bitrate provided by a transport medium intended for transmission of thevideo stream or in dependence on a target bit rate required fortransmission of the first digital video sequence.
 19. The systemaccording to claim 17, wherein the multiplexer is operable in dependenceof a bit rate threshold.
 20. The system according to claim 17, whereineach picture of the second digital video sequence that is included inthe video stream in advance, is associated with timestamp information,wherein the timestamp information refers to earlier time informationthan time information of pictures of the first digital video sequenceincluded in the video stream next to the pictures of the second digitalvideo sequences.
 21. The system according to claim 17, furthercomprising: a receiving device including a video decoder arranged forreproducing the video stream; and a network layer decoder arranged forreceiving transmitted digital video sequences and supplying the picturesof the digital video sequences in display order to the video decoder forreproducing the video stream.